Are Grades Distributed Fairly English Language Essay

Are Grades Distributed Fairly English Language Essay Elliott Miles, a retired educator and university president, discusses a disturbing trend on college campuses: grade inflation. Before you read, think of these questions: In the American education system, what does a grade of A mean? A grade of B, C, D? What about a grade of F? In your university courses, what grades do most students receive? Do you think the grades are distributed fairly (1) Most American universities today still use the traditional grading system of A-B-C-D-F, with A meaning excellent, B good, C satisfactory or average, D unsatisfactory but passing, and F of course failing. While some feel that this system has shortcomings (too inexact, too artificial, too subjective), it does represent the possible range of a students work, and most students and faculty members are comfortable or at least familiar with it. So far so good. However, American universities since the mid 1960s have increasingly been affected by the problem of grade inflation. This refers to the tendency of many faculty members to over-evaluate the quality of a students work and consequently to assign her/him a grade higher than the work deserves. The reason this practice is called inflation, a term borrowed from economics, is that it resembles paying too high a price for a given item, for example twenty dollars for a loaf of bread. The problem is common among American universities, in cluding even our most prestigious institutions, such as Harvard. As Craig Lambert reports in his article Desperately Seeking Summa, the grade of A there accounted for about twenty-two percent of all grades in 1966-67, whereas by 1991-92 it had come to account for forty-three percent almost double. (2) The trend toward inflated grades began in the mid-1960s probably because that was a time of great unrest on college campuses in the United States. There were widespread student protests against the Vietnam War and civil authority in general, frequently with the support and participation of the faculty. Under these circumstances, grading standards began to shift for the worse. Faculty members became more and more unwilling to give students a D, let alone an F; the grade of C came to denote a minimal pass, B to represent satisfactory, and A to mean better than a B. Today, students and faculty alike have this new, watered-down system in their heads, although their universitys official grading policy may be unchanged from previous times. (3) Why is this a problem? After all, a student is unlikely to feel put upon if his/her work is over-valued. However, when a faculty member records that a student has done excellent work, when in fact the work might only be pretty good or merely fair, that faculty member has committed two faults. First, he/she has told a lie about the students work, misrepresenting the students achievements. How would we react if the misrepresentation went the other way if the student had done excellent work, but the faculty member assigned a grade of B or even C? This would strike us all as dreadful, yet faculty members who assign falsely high grades are showing equally faulty judgment. Inaccurate grading is inaccurate grading, no matter which direction it takes. (4) The second fault is that the faculty member has broken faith with all those who will be harmed by the dishonesty. Most obvious among these are the students who really did do excellent or good work. It is grossly unfair to students who earned real As or Bs if their accomplishments are devalued by the lax standards applied to others. To illustrate with an example from the workplace: would it be fair for two employees to receive the same raise when one had done excellent work and the other only mediocre? (5) Grade inflation also harms anyone who must evaluate a students record, such as admissions officers at other universities and at professional schools. For instance, medical and law schools never have enough spaces for all applicants and hence must choose only the best qualified. When admissions officers evaluate the transcript of a student who received inflated grades as an under graduate, they get a false idea of that students past performance as well as his/her potential for future success in a rigorous professional curriculum. For a similar reason, potential employers are harmed when they are presented with an inflated academic transcript; faced with seemingly equal candidates, they may give a desirable position to a less deserving applicant because they had a false understanding of that persons actual abilities. (6) And finally, our society at large is harmed because grade inflation undermines the integrity of the universities, which is one of our greatest assets. If university faculty members cannot be trusted to give an honest evaluation of each students academic work, public disappointment will inevitably set in and rightly so. The solution to the problem, though difficult, is simple: each faculty member should make a conscious decision to assign grades based on the actual quality of a students work, realizing that not every student will be able to earn the highest, or even the second highest, grade. One of my former students made the point very concisely in an essay that she wrote on grade inflation: Lets put the excellence back in the A. Author of article Elliott Miles Title of article Lets Put the Excellence Back in the A Title of the book Refining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar Author of book Reginal L. Smally, Mark K. Reutten and Joann R. Kozyrev Publisher Heinle Heinle Date 2001 Place Australia Choose one or more of the following questions to inspire your reader response paragraph. 1. How do the impressions of the audience change (or do they) after the second reading? Does the audience think any differently? Is the topic one that would make readers want to learn more? Why or why not? What is it that a reader would want to research for additional information? 2. Sometimes articles touch their audience, reminding them of their own life, as part of the larger human experience. Are there connections between the article and the audiences own life? Or, does the article remind its audience of an event (or events) that happened to someone they know? Does the article have a connection to a previous book or article? 3. If you were the author, would you have changed anything in the article and ideas? Do you have a negative connotation associated with the idea? What would you chance? 4. Does the article leave the audience with questions they would like to ask? What are they? Would the audience like to direct their questions at a particular character or an idea? What questions would the audience like to ask the author of the article? Are they questions that the audience may be able to answer by reading more about the authors life and/or works? What are the questions and how would they be answered? 5. Is there an idea in the book that makes the audience stop and think, or prompts questions? Identify the idea and explain the responses. 6. Has the article changed the reader in any way? The way you look at this theme or behave if you were to talk about this theme? What did you learn that you never knew before? 7. Capture what it is about the book that stands out (or doesnt stand out).

Kingdoms of Egypt and Nubia Essay

Historians once thought that the human race began with the white Greek and Romans. Present day archaeologists are telling us that the cradle of civilization is in the Nile Valley of Africa. Two rival kingdoms called Egypt and Nubia have much in common but they also have their unique differences. In my essay I will explore some of these similarities and differences. Egypt and Nubia were both ruled by monarchy, which shows that they had an advanced form of political organization. Archeologist’s findings show that the symbols of Nubian royalty are the same as those of Egyptian Kings. They believed that they were god-Kings and built large pyramids to spend eternity surrounded by there riches to keep them comfortable after death. The difference between the Egyptian and the Nubian monarchy is that the Egyptian monarchies were all male rulers but Nubians monarchies were both male and female and held power jointly. Egypt and Nubia both traded with other countries to acquire the goods they desired. Egypt had few natural resources but was involved in manufacturing glass, paper, perfume, cosmetics and fine linen fabric. Egypt wanted to trade these for the different products from Central Africa. Nubia had many natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper, frankincense, iron ore, hardwood timber, ostrich feathers, leopard skins and elephants. Nubia traded these along with their pottery and manufactured goods. The powerful, wealthy black Nubians Kings controlled the trade routes between central Africa and Egypt, which is one reason why Egypt eventually attacked and conquered Nubia. Egyptians and Nunians both believed in the god-Amun (the ram-head god). The Egyptians thought the silhouette of the mountain at Gebel Barkel looked like a cobra’s head which is a sign of royal power. They believed that the god-Amun lived there so they built a temple to him. Thus, it’s considered to be a sacred mountain, perhaps the holiest place in the Nile valley. It is where the pharaohs held their crowning ceremonies. The Nubians also believed the god-Amun lived in the mountain. When they conquered Egypt they called on the authority of the god-Amun. This was confirmed when archaeologists found a curving of a man making an offering to the god-Amun in the remains of a  large temple in Nubia. Both the Egyptians and the Nubians had a system of writing to record important events in their history. The Egyptians used picture writings called hieroglyphs that they curved on the temple walls and on tablets describing events in their lives. The Nubians used an alphabet called meroitic. Historians are hoping to understand this alphabet so that they will be able to read the Nubian’s writings and discover more about their culture. It is clear that the early African people were a politically organized, intelligent industrious, creative and civilized people worthy of our respect. Probably, due to racial prejudice, it was once thought that black Africans were not capable of producing high civilization. Nubia, the homeland of the earliest black culture may have been the home of the first human race on earth. Bibliography Edward Reynolds (1994) Focus on Africa: D.C. Health and company. CanadaWho are the Nubians? (Date N/A). Homestead. October 23, 2006. http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/nubians.htmlJamila, White. (1999). Black Kingdoms of the Nile episode 2. PBS. October 23, 2006http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi1/1_wondr4.htmJimmy Dunn (Copyright 1999-2003). The Yam of Egypt’s Old Kingdom. Tour Egypt. October 23, 2006. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/yam.htm

Theoretical Perspectives and Research - 1441 Words

Introduction Modern, post-modern, critical theory and symbolic-interpretive are four different perspectives that provides different ways to analyse and understand organisations, however this essay shall focus on two perspectives, namely the modern and critical theory. These two perspectives have different views on concepts that might appear similar, thus this essay shall examine the different stands they each take. Concepts that can be examined include, power, control and conflict, organisational structures, organisations culture and organisation and its environment. This essay shall closely examine how the two perspectives have different views on the subject on power, control and conflict pertaining to the different ways to analyse and†¦show more content†¦267). An example would be the Japanese work-culture, they are powered by pressures from an intensively competitive economy and their organisational culture such as workplace efficiency and diligence thus resulting in a huge number of workers perpetually working overtime, causing an imbalance in their work life. In this case, workers are incapable to escape the hegemonies that are powerful, namely the management staff in the organisation. Modernists promote the rationale of managerial control because they view the members’ different interests as a problem that interferes with organisational goals and strategies. (Bolman Deal, 2008) states that control is the process of taking the necessary corrective or preventive actions to ensure that organisation objectives and missions are met as efficiently and effectively as possible. Therefore, modernist theorists sought mechanisms such as cybernetic and bureaucratic control for their employees in order for organisation interests to be met and self-interest to be minimized (Hatch Cunliffe, 2006). When organisations apply cybernetic theory, it explains how their executives align individual goals and organisational control using performance evaluation, resource allocation and through reward and feedbacks mechanisms (Hatch Cunliffe, 2006). They further stated that positive deviations were rewarded while the negative were usedShow MoreRelatedTheoretical Perspectives and Research1448 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Modern, post-modern, critical theory and symbolic-interpretive are four different perspectives that provides different ways to analyse and understand organisations, however this essay shall focus on two perspectives, namely the modern and critical theory. 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ComparisonsRead MoreExamine the view that theoretical issues are the most important factor influencing sociologist’s choice of research methods.827 Words   |  4 PagesExamine the view that theoretical issues are the most important factor influencing sociologist’s choice of research methods. Many sociologists argue that theoretical issues are the most important factors to affect choice of method. Theoretical issues refer to what we think society is like and if we can obtain an accurate and truthful picture of it. There are four different concerns regarding theoretical issues which influence sociologist’s choice of research methods. Validity is a method that givesRead MoreA Critical Discussion On Gender, Masculinity, Power, And Gender Politics1656 Words   |  7 Pagessociologists must adopt particular research methodologies and examine certain theoretical perspectives when conducting research in gender. The study of gender is broad and consists of many different aspects regarding masculinities and femininities including hegemonic masculinity and the concept of ‘doing/undoing gender’. These aspects of gender and the methodologies adopted by sociologists to study theses aspects will be discussed in this essay. Similarly theoretical perspectives sociolo gists utilise suchRead MoreThe Epistemology Of The Decision Making Process Of Burglars1629 Words   |  7 Pagesimplicated in the research conducted by Emmeline Taylor about the decision making process of burglars. Essay begins with a concise definition of Criminology and a brief outline of ‘Rational Choice Theory’ which can be utilised to understand the decision making process of offenders and to provide a background for the notion of the rationality among burglars whilst acting criminal behaviour. 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The information found in the theoretical framework expresses to the reader why the research problem was chosen, provides a clearRead MoreSocial Cognitive Theory And The Theory Of Control, Job Satisfaction, And Performance900 Words   |  4 Pages 1998); however, virtue of â€Å"good† theory and its applications to research starts with defining theory. This paper will discuss the importance, the definition, the types of theory, comparison/contrast views of theory, and research contr ibutions to theory as it relates to furloughed contractors work locus of control (WLOC), job satisfaction, and performance. This paper will also address a theory that adds to the related research topic and analyze two areas of controversial questions related toRead MoreThe Uk Civil Partnership Act 20041670 Words   |  7 Pageslesbian and gay families (Taylor 590). Besides different perspectives by various authors, the article provides a theoretical introduction. It offers more research and views from different authors concerning same-sex marriages and civil partnerships (Taylor 587). Therefore, the opening part of the article â€Å"lesbian and gay parents sexual citizenship: Costs of public acceptance in the United Kingdom,† is characterized by different perspectives from various authors; for instance, Peel and Harding (2008)

Final Reflection On My Personal And Professional Lives

Final Reflection While registering for the semester I noticed this course and thought it would be very beneficial for both my personal and professional lives. I felt I was in need of learning new techniques and regimes to reduce stress, increase productivity, and learn to efficiently and effectively relax in order to improve my communication. I mean who wouldn’t want to learn how to relax and receive credit hours at the same time. With that being said I immediately signed up, and for once I was excited opposed to being nervous of the unexpected like I was for previous courses I have taken. Another perk to this class was seeing that Professor Mantel was the instructor. I had taken one of her workshop previously (Humor in Communication), and not only did I learn several beneficial ways to communicate through humor, but the workshop was very interesting and entertaining. Preparing for Relaxation A day or two before class I reviewed the syllabus and handouts to see the details of what each day would be like and the specifics of each assignment. After reviewing I was definitely ready for two days of knowledge on learning to become more relaxed and less stressed. Being a wife, mother of two, daughter, sister, friend, relative, full-time student and employee is not an easy task. Many days I’m overwhelmed by my thoughts alone of what needs to be done daily, things such as household chores, homework, extra-curricular activities, church affiliations, and work deadlines. With my veryShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development1629 Words   |  7 PagesReflection Paper #4 Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages theory suggests that people pass through eight distinctive developmental stages as they grow and change throughout their lives. Integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development. 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Personal Narrative A Penny s Promise - 1402 Words

A Penny’s Promise See a penny pick it up and all day you’ll have good luck! That was and still is a mantra of hope for many, including myself. It is one taught to children in schools across America as a way to encourage positive saving habits. On a bad day, if I find a penny my mood changes and my spirit lightens. My relationship with pennies heightened as I began middle school and realized the true value of this tiny coin. Day after day, I found pennies under couches and behind doors. I collected them for almost a year until I had saved enough for a pair of sunglasses. Little did I know that by spending so many pennies, I was boosting the market value of a circulated coin. Now, knowing that people think the penny is useless worries me,†¦show more content†¦The majority of funding that large charities receive are that a of a few cents, otherwise known as microdonations (Pennies for Patients). When dealing with a small amount of currency, foundations like these can reach out to all people, including the ones harder to reach, like elementary schoolers. The simple act of giving pennies from a piggy bank can help teach children the fundamental notion of charity and show them how to make a positive change in the world. This gives the penny a very important connection to the heartstrings of the American public and a way to advance the good in our society. Try to imagine the past week of your life. Now try to count how many times you saw, used, or referenced a penny. The number is vast and unknown as pennies are a small part in our everyday lives. Their main use is in economics, like when we are in check out lanes or counting up our saving from a piggy bank. Pennies have found their way into our social lives as well through modern day legends, wives tales, and party games. The inclusion of pennies into our lives isn’t a new fad. I have many memories revolving around pennies from my childhood, specifically relating to my grandparents: Oma and Opa. Opa, my grandfather would sit me down and perform wondrous magicShow MoreRelatedThe changing roles of women since 18653016 Words   |  13 Pagesimprisonment. After a lengthy court trail Susan B. Anthony was found guilty and ordered to pay a fine of $100 and the costs of the prosecution.(Linder, 2001) In Susan’s speech after her sentence was handed out, she swore that she would not pay one penny towards her fine, and she never did. Susan B. Anthony worked and partnered with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the fight for women’s equality. Elizabeth was a well-educated woman for her time; she fought actively against slavery as well as for women’s rightsRead MoreEssay on The Origin of The Beatles3014 Words   |  13 Pagescharmingly prosaic theme. 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Creeks Free Essays

The History of the Creeks is like a road. Sometimes it is smooth and straight. Other times it might get a little bumpy. We will write a custom essay sample on Creeks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then you’ll make a turn and all the road consists of is dirt and rocks. On their removal journey the Creeks suffered from treaties which hoaxed them out of land, Whites, disease and land hostilities. The Creeks made long expeditions to the West. These are only few of the many hardships they faced. In 1770, James Adair a teacher who handled Creeks for 30 years characterized them as â€Å"The most powerful Indian nation known to the English.† Before the Creeks’ removal, they got cheated out of land multiple times. They also lost some from treaties that were made. For example William McIntosh signed the Treaty of Indian Springs on February 12, 1825, which gave away all the land in Georgia. William was the chief at the time and he made a law that stated if anyone gave up Creek land without the councils permission then they will receive the death penalty. William did not receive the council’s approval. He was executed. One Hundred Creek warriors set fire to his house. When he walked out the front door he was shot. Many Whites caused problems when it came to Indian lands. Creeks started stealing crops and cattle from White plantations. As retaliation from their barbarous treatment the Creeks committed crimes such as murder. Some Creeks created bonds with Whites through trade. Some traders even stayed with the Creeks in their settlements. Most of the Creeks had been forcefully or voluntarily removed by 1836. Before the Creeks removal the united states made promises to help fund their journey and send supplies. Parties traveled by keelboats or on land through heavy rainfall. The parties that traveled by land made slow progress. Parties consisted of Creeks, slaves, and Whites married to Creeks. Many lost their belongings during the trip due to heavy rainfall. Wagons carrying supplies were not able to get across inflated rivers. In September 1829 when travelers had just arrived in what is now present day Oklahoma a cholera epidemic struck. Some people packed up what they had and headed back to Alabama since disease was so impetuous. Congested keelboats cause a lot of different health issues. Unclean drinking water combined with dietary changes left the Creeks defenseless against illnesses. The Creeks discovered that the United States held empty promises. They did not get the tools or farming implements need to build housing. Weapons were not supplied in time so hunters had to refresh their memory on how to use a bow and arrow. Annuity payments were usually made in supplies rather than cash. The supplies that they received were either useless or got â€Å"lost† along the way. They were also offered protection once they got to their new territory but found none. At night their settlements were assaulted by Western Indians. By the 1850’s the Creeks had somewhat maintained a stable living condition. Opothle Yahola a chief who remained loyal to the Creeks for years wanted to have a written constitution. In 1859 one was established. After the Civil War one that was based off the United States constitution was written. The Muscogulges, more commonly known as Creeks faced many hardships on their â€Å"Trail of Tears†. Every hardship was an experience which they learned from. They created close bonds. Found revenge and trusted people they shouldn’t have. How to cite Creeks, Papers

Area 51 Essay Example For Students

Area 51 Essay Area 51Introduction:Area 51 has been at the centerof the UFO existence controversy for many years. The government deniesits existence, but how do you explain Two-hundred forty-three or more whiteJeep Cherokees patrolling an area that does not exist? This and manyother factors are what contribute to the mystique of the place called Area51. Paragraph #1:Area 51 is located in thedesert on the south central quadrant sector basin side of Groom Dry Lake,approximately one-hundred miles north of Las Vegas, Nevada. The actualbase is located on a dried up lake, in the middle of a mountainous dessert. Paragraph #2:Area 51, also known a GroomDry Lake, is a secret military facility that the government will not discuss. It is a highly restricted military base, many levels above top secret. The United States Government denies its existence despite evidence to thecontrary. The town of Rachel is within twenty miles of Area 51, and isa magnet for UFO enthusiasts worldwide. Area 51 has been in existence sinceWorld War one, and many advancements in military science and technologyhave been made and developed there. To breach the perimeter could resultin your death, because it is so top secret. It is reported that in orderto avoid spy plane and satellite reconnaissance, most activitiesand experiments have been conducted underground. It is the experimentsabove ground, mainly test flights, that help to perpetuate the UFO stories.(LeibyRichard p.a1) In early 1947, officials at the Roswell Army Air Field collectedthe remains of what they initially reported to be a wrecked Flying Disc.That predd release was quickly revised to say it was only a weather baloon. But the lore grew to include tales of almond-eyed little gray men beingspirited away for autopsies and even interrogations.(Leiby Richard p.a1)Paragraph #3:One of the last outlooks legallyaccessible to civilians is Tikaboo Peak. From this vantage point Area 51is clearly visible with several unmarked buildings, a large runway, andplanes shuttling personnel in daily to this non-existent area. Thearea is a six-by-ten mile block of land, at the center of which is a largeairbase. Paragraph #4:It is rumored by many highranking officials that Kennedy was assassinated by the military becausehe was about to reveal to the world the existence of aliens. Ex-presidentsJimmy Carter and Ronald Regan went public with their beliefs in extra terrestrials,even reporting seeing UFOs. They made no claim to have anymore informationon the subject then the average citizen. The president will be the firstto admit that he is not privy to all information. The following is theofficial Pentagon statement on Area 51: There are a variety of activities,some of which are classified throughout what is often called the Air ForcesNellis Range Complex. The range is used for the testing of technologies,systems, and training for operations critical to the effectiveness of U.S. Military forces, and the security of the United States. There is an operatinglocation near Groom Dry Lake. Some specific activities and operations conductedon the Nellis Range, both past and present, remain classified and cannotbe discussed.Paragraph#5:Robert Lazar claims to haveworked in Area 51. He says the military definitely is in possession ofalien spacecraft. He was commissioned as a scientist to back-engineer arecovered flying saucer. Robert claims that the propulsion system is basedon anti-gravity technology. Something far beyond our present human understanding. Since Robert Lazar came public with his story, he says the military istrying everything to discard him. No record of Robert Lazars employmentwith the secret military base exists. An even more outlandish story comesfrom Bill Copper, a retired Naval intelligence officer. He says the militaryhas known about the existence of aliens for over forty years, andmany of them reside over area 51. He claims aliens are behind abductions,missing people, and cattle mutilations, as they are trying to geneticallyre-engineers themselves, so they can walk among us. He claims the realreason the government does not disclose their existence, because it isthe extra terrestrials who are really in control and the military doesnot want to expose its importance. Maybe belief in extra terrestrials isreally belief in hope. There is nothing wrong in believing in hope. Area51 has been at the center of the UFO existence controversy for manyyears.